Page 19

The base text for this edition was prepared from a microfiche of an original copy in the "Edition Corvey" under a special agreement with Belser Wissenschaftlicher Dienst, Wildberg, Germany, and Boyle, Co. Roscommon, Ireland.; this text has been used for the present edition with the kind permission of Belser Wissenschaftlicher Dienst.


This edition was prepared by Michael Page.© Michael Page, 2001.
This edition was prepared in Sun StarOffice 5.1 for Windows.
December 8, 2001.


Editor's note: the pages of the original manuscript of The Battle of Tewkesbury were not numbered. For the reader's convenience, I have added page numbers in this edition.

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[1]

THE BATTLE OF TEWKESBURY


A Poem


WRITTEN ON A VIEW OF THE INTRENCHMENTS NEAR THE TOWN:


WITH Historical Notes and Observations.


BY CECILIA COOPER.



TEWKESBURY: PRINTED BY E. REDDELL, No. 7, HIGH-STREET, for the Author.

Sold by Messrs. LONGMAN and CO. No. 39, Paternoster-Row, LONDON;

Also by the Booksellers of Cheltenham Gloucester, Worcester, Kidderminster, Stourbridge, and Stourport;

And by E.REDDELL, Bookseller and Publisher, Tewkesbury.

1820.

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[2]

Entered at Stationers' hall.

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[3]

TO J. E. DOWDESWELL, Esq. AND JOHN MARTIN, Esq.

MEMBERS IN PARLIAMENT FOR THE BOROUGH OF Tewkesbury.


GENTLEMEN,


THE principal action, and main scenes, of the following Poem, having taken place in this Town and its Environs, it appeared more immediately to require the honour of your Names, on its introduction to the world.

Impressed with a lively sense of your indulgent kindness, in permitting me to Dedicate this, my first attempt, to you, I return you my most grateful acknowledgments for the same; and for the honour you have conferred on,


GENTLEMEN,

Your most obliged and obedient humble Servant, Cecilia Cooper.


TEWKESBURY, May 4, I820.

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[4]

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[5]

PREFACE.


WHEN a man is born into the world, however exalted by birth, he enters, at the same time, into all the vicissitudes of life; Nature having united existence and suffering so closely, that she hath, as it were, rendered them inseparable: but, among all sufferers, none feel their misfortunes more keenly than those who have been most indebted to Fortune for the distinctions of high birth, and dignities, and have adorned their exalted stations with the greatest honour; but, by a reverse of Fate, and the dispensations of an

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[6]

all-wise Providence, have afterwards endured the greatest calamity and misery! Hence, persons of every rank,even of the lowest condition in life, may learn to bear their own difficulties and misfortunes with the greater patience and resignation, when they see to what extreme distresses, even the most noble, and the great, are likewise subject. Some illustrious examples of these truths may be found in the following Poem, THE BATTLE OF TEWKESBURY. It may, indeed, by some, be thought presumptuous, in a young and unlettered female, attempting to write on so great an Historical Event, as the subject of this Poem; but my residence commanding a View of the Intrenchments of Queen MARGARET, and the

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[7]

Ground on which this dreadful conflict took place, first presented the idea of this little work, without a thought of ever having it ushered into the world.

Aware of its many imperfections, I leave it to the candour of my generous Patrons and Subscribers, and the well known liberality of an impartial Public.

Cecilia Cooper


TEWKESBURY, May 4, 1820.

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[8]

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[9]

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

A

Alcock Richard, Esq. Tewkesbury

Arkell Mr. Hop-Pole Inn, ditto

B

Baldwin Mrs. Tewkesbury

Banuter Mr. C. ditto

Barnes Samuei, Esq. ditto

Bedford Mrs. Mitton Lodge, ditto

Bennett Mr. James, Tewkesbury

Best Mrs. W. B. Kidderminster

Bettlson Mr. Cheltenham Library, 6 copies

Bingley Miss, Broadwaters, near Kidderminster

Bissett Mr. James, Leamington Spa

Bore Miss Jane, Kidderminster

Boughton Joseph, Esq. Tewkesbury

Boughton Miss, ditto

Bowyer Mrs. Caldwald Castle, near Kidderminster

Bowyer Miss, ditto

Boycott W. Esq. Kidderminster

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[10]

Bradley Mrs. S. Kidderminster

Brookes Mr. Tewkesbury

Broome Mrs. Broomfield, near Kidderminster

Broome Mrs. H. Elder Cottage, near ditto

Broome Miss, Cottage, near ditto

Brydges Mr. Tewkesbury

Buckle Mrs. Chaseley

Butcher Mrs. Kidderminster

Butt Mrs. Thomas, Tewkesbury

C

Chandler Mr. N. Tewkesbury

Churchman Mrs. Plough Inn, ditto

Clarke Mrs. George, Upton

Clifton Mrs. Ashchurch

Compton Mrs. Tewkesbury

Cook Rev. T. Kidderminster, 2 copies

Cooper Mrs. Ware, ditto, 2 copies

Cooper Mr. J. Cotton, ditto, 2 copies

Cooper Mrs. John, ditto

Cooper W. Esq. ditto, 2 copies

Cooper Mrs. Woodfield, near ditto

Cresswell Mrs. Ann

Custance Mr. Surgeon, Kidderminster, 2 copies

D

Day Mrs.John, Upton

Dangerfield Mr. Surgeon, Tewkesbury.

Dewguard Major, ditto

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[11]

Dixon Mr. Surgeon, Kidderminster

Doughty Mr. Surgeon, ditto

Dowdeswell J. E. Esq. M. P. London

Dowdeswell Lieut. Gen. Pall Court

Dowdeswell Miss, ditto

Dryden Mr. C. B. Tewkesbury

Dudfield Mr. W. Twyning

Dunn Mrs. Upton


E

Evans Mrs. Deerhurst


F

Firkins Mr. Tewkesbury

Ford Mrs. Kidderminster

Freeling F. Esq. General Post Office, London

Fryer Miss, Tewkesbury


G

Gardner Mr. Chequers Inn, Tewkesbury

Gardner Mr. S. ditto

Groves Mr. Tewkesbury

Gwinnett Mr. Cheltenham


H

Handford Mrs. Overbury

Hill Mr. Kidderminster

Holland T. Esq. Pershore

Holland Mr. Stroud

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[12]

Holland Mr. Swan Inn, Tewkesbury

Hooman Mrs. James, near Kidderminster

Hooman Mrs. John, ditto

Horniblow Mr. Tewkesbury

Hurd John, Esq. Mythe

J

Jeavons Miss Harriet, Kemerton

Jefferys Miss, Upton

Jenkins Miss, Tewkesbury

Jones E.W. Esq. ditto

Jones Mr. Samuel, ditto

Jones Richard, M.D. Kidderminster

Jones Mrs. Kemerton Cottage

K

Kent Mrs.Samuel, Upton

Keysall Rev. John, Bredon Rectory

Kingsbury James, Esq. Tewkesbury


L

Lake Captain, Kemerton

Lane Mrs. Alderton

Lea Mr. Bookseller, Gloucester, 6 copies

Lea Mrs. Abel, Kidderminster

Lea Mrs. Lakes, near ditto

Lea Mrs. W. Stone House, near ditto

Lloyd Mr. William, Tewkesbury

Lloyd, Mr. Edmund, ditto

Longmore Joseph Esq. Mythe

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[13]

M

Mann Mr. Overbury

Marchant Mr. Cheltenham

Marshall Mr. Tewkesbury

Martin John, Esq. M. P. London

Mason Mrs. Tewkesbury

Mathews, Mr. W. Upton

M'Clurkey Mr. Kemerton

Merrett Miss, Alstone

Miles Mr. Cross Keys Inn, Tewkesbury

Mines, Mrs. Tewkesbury

Moore Mr. John, ditto

Moore Miss, ditto

Moore Miss, Overbury

Morgan Mr. Chemist, Gloucester

Morrison Colonel, Tewkesbury Lodge


N

Newcombe Joseph, Esq. Kidderminster


O

Olive J. S. Esq. Tewkesbury

P

Pace Mr. London

Packer Mr. Tewkesbury

Page Mr. Joseph, jun. Gloucester

Palmer Mrs. Kidderminster

Parker Miss, ditto

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[14]

Parry Rev. D. C. Kemerton

Pennell Mr. Tewkesbury

Petley Mr. Joseph, London

Player Mr. Tewkesbury

Prior William, Esq, Kemerton

Prosser Rev. W. Tewkesbury


R

Rawlinson Mr. Cheltenham

Reekes Mr. Surgeon, Tewkesbury

Reeves Mr. Kidderminster

Reynolds Mr. ditto

Ricketts Mr. W. Tewkesbury

Ricketts Mr. S. ditto

Ridler Mr. Worcester

Rose Mr. Oxford

S

Saunders Mr. Tewkesbury

Scott Mrs. ditto

Senior Mr. ditto

Simpson Mr. Worcester

Smith Mr. Bookseller, Southam, 3 copies

Smith T. Esq. Guiting

Smith Capt. Anson, Mansfield

Somerset Lord Edward, M. P. London

Sperry Mr. G. Tewkesbury

Stephens Mr. Tewkesbury

Sweet Miss Sarah, Tewkesbury

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[15]

T

Talbot Mrs. G. Kidderminster

Talbot Mrs. H. Oaklands, ditto

Terrett Miss, Tewkesbury

Thomas Mrs. E. ditto

Thomas Miss M. ditto

Thomas Mrs. Kidderminster

Tidmarsh Mr. Kemerton

Trenfield Mr. Tewkesbury

Turner Miss, Park Hall, near Kidderminster

V

Vernon Thomas, Esq. Tewkesbury


W

Walcott Mr. Bookseller, Worcester, 6 copies

Warner Mr. Surgeon, Cheltenham

Warner Master G. Tewkesbury

Watson Mrs. Kidderminster

Watts Rev. James, Ledbury

Weaver Mr. T. Tewkesbury

Webb Mr. J. Stourport

Westwood Mrs. Tewkesbury

Whithorn Mr. Ditto

Whitmore Mrs. Bell Inn, Tewkesbury

Williams Mr. Charles, ditto

Wood Mr. Surgeon, ditto

Wood Mrs. Ditto

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[16]

Yate W. H. Esq.

Yorke Joseph, Esq. Forthampton Cottage

Yorke Hon. Mrs. James, Forthampton Court

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[17]

THE BATTLE OF TEWKESBURY.


On this sad Spot-the royal MARGARET 1 chose,
With her BRAVE Son2--to wait her coming Foes!

Yon sacred Pile,3 in awful grandeur stood,
As if to turn their thoughts-to Peace-from Blood.
Could some bless'd shade have whisper'd-from the tomb,
To warn her of her noble Child's dire doom;

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[18]

Ev'n the ambitious fire of MARGARET's mind
Would have sunk down--and been to Fate resign'd!
But, no! it could not be! --Fate had decreed,
That here the Noble--and the Base--should bleed!
Here the WHITE ROSE triumphant rear'd it's head,
Here the sweet Blossom of the RED one bled!4
Imagination traces out the Scene,
Where the young EDWARD5 stood, erect in mien,
Encouraging his Soldiers for the Fight,
With his fine form--incas'd in armour bright!
From right to left, he turns his piercing eye,
And all seem eager, at command, to fly

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[19]

To meet this Tyrant6, who'd usurp'd the Crown
From their lov'd King,7 for piety8 renown'd!

But, list! He speaks! and, with resistless force,
Employs his eloquence t' inspire the Host!--
"The hour is come that calls you to the Fight,
"And leads me forth, to re-assert my right;--
"Your King, my Father, from a prison9 calls
"On us, his Subjects, to assist his Cause:
"His Royal Rights you nobly will support,
"We trust to Britons-native 'Hearts of Oak.'10

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[20]

"His Grace of SOMERSET11 will lead our van;--
"Courage, my Soldiers!--Firm, unto a man!
"Let Honour beam upon your crest a ray,
"That may recorded be, some future day!
"Supported by the Lord of WENLOCK,12 we
"Upon his Throne, the rightful King may see:
"And DEVONSHIRE,13 a stout and valiant knight,
"This day will show his prowess in the Fight.
"Then, come, my Friends, let Vict'ry mark our way,
"And proud York's Legions14 put to flight this day!--
"But, see, our Messenger is coming on--
"My souls on fire--Oh, GOD! Thy will be done!"

The trumpet's blasts now shook th' encircling hills,
And his bold Warriors' breasts with hopes of Vict'ry fills;
Transported with the trumpet's martial sounds,
Each steel clad Hero's manly heart rebounds.

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[21]

"Long live King HENRY, and his gallant Son!"
Resounded through the valley, loud and long.
"Prepare, my Lords, the Enemy's at hand!
"YORK,15 and stern GLO'STER,16 now lead on their band,"
Their banners wave majestic round the land!

Then, " Let's to horse, my Lords!" was EDWARD's cry
And, like great Mars,17 with tow'ring plumes on high,

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[22]

He mounts his charger, grasps his shining lance,
And waits the signal for them to advance.

Now, front to front, in Battle's dread array
The Armies stand; a vale between them lay:--
GLO'STER, in ambush, plac'd his chosen men
Within a wood, that tower'd o'er the glen.

The "Shout of Battle" now was heard afar,
The Warriors plumes wav'd graceful in the air!
The trumpets sound, the dreadful fray begins,
Th' artill'ry thunders with a deaf'ning din;
GLO'STER's bright arrows deal destruction round,
And the brave fall, expiring, to the ground.
And now bold Warriors feel a stern delight,
They stand with firmness in the bloody Fight;
With horrid slaughter, foe on foe now turns,
And, with a vengeful fury--each man burns!

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[23]

Resolv'd on conquest, Britons on Britons fall,
(Oh! horrid scene! which might the brave appal!)
High mettled steeds close on each other bear,
And, like their riders, fearless brave the war!
The solemn roll of drums, the clash of arms,
Might have struck breasts, less firm, with wild alarms,
On this ensanguin'd field lay bath'd in gore,
The noble LERMOUTH, DELVES, and LUCKENOR.18

By neither side, advantage yet was gain'd,
But, with great valour, each their Cause maintain'd;
'Till GLO'STER's cunning made a feign'd retreat;
And, off their guard,--in the dread Battle's heat,
They quickly follow'd up, without debate,
Nor saw their error--till it was--too late!

With haste pursuing, down the hill they fly,
'Till GLO'STER saw them in a valley nigh;

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[24]

Where, press'd by foes, the Queen's brave soldiers stood,
Which valley since is call'd--"THE FIELD of BLOOD!"19
Oh, rightly nam'd! for from it ran a stream,
Which made SABRINA's waters20 blush with shame;
That her pure flood, should to OLD OCEAN21 tell,
That here the Father, Son, and Brother,--fell.

Great SOMERSET, with agony, beheld
His Warriors slain, his Prince by few upheld;
The dastard WENLOCK wav'ring in his faith,
Standing quite neuter by;--with eager haste,
Sent a command, for him, to quick advance,
And aid the Queen, in this unlucky chance!

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[25]

The wretch refus'd!--Burning.with mighty ire,
His noble eyes flashing, indignant fire,
He spurr'd his courser o'er the bleeding dead,
And, coming near him, thus, reviling, said:--
"Detested coward! miscreant, villain, slave,
"Dost thou think, here, thy worthless life to save ?
"Thy trait'rous blood, myself will quickly spill;22
"How dar'st thou use King HENRY's Cause so ill?"

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[26]

With Herculean strength, he aim'd a blow,
Which, like the dreaded bolt of Heav'n, soon laid the traitor low!
And here, his body lay, besmear'd with blood,
Unfit to mingle with the brave and good.--

Still, like a lion, on, enrag'd he goes;
And cuts his way through all who dare oppose;
And with the Lords St. JOHN23 and DEVONSHIRE,
A slaughter dire they make, and without fear
Bore on proud YORK; and in this mighty strife,
The noble ROWYS24 fell, depriv'd of life.

Yet, all this magnanimity did not avail,
A POW'R SUPREME! saw fit that it should fail!
(Nor must we ask, why this, or that, should be; --
Thy great designs, O God! no eye can see!)

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[27]

The troops give way, for safety each man strove;--
The Prince, in agony, rode deep in blood; .
And try'd to cheer his weary, drooping troops,
And thus address'd them, though with little hopes:--
"Support my Mother! rally round your Queen!
"Oh! spare her suff 'ring more, in this dread Scene!
"Nought, but her life, I now can hope to save,
"To preserve that, my follow'rs, still be brave!"

They cut their way, o'er dying and the dead,
And to her banner made--but--she was fled!
Had dar'd the SEVERN's25 stream, worse fate to fly,
And on two holy Fathers did rely;
Her steed safe guiding to the friendly shore,
But here they left her!--they could do no more!

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[28]

Her glitt'ring breast-plate on the ground she cast,
The Gen'ral's falchion,26 (in despair! at last,)
Which, in twelve Battles, she did boldly wield,
She now resign'd, with her bright burnish'd shield;
And, all alone, with woes unfelt till now,
The wretched Wife and Mother t' Heav'n doth bow,
For that relief, which God alone can give!
And rais'd a pray'r, her peerless Son might live!

The YORKISTS, now, with a victorious shout,
Put COURTNEY's27 noble Squadrons to the rout;
He, like great Hector,28 look'd undaunted round,
And, with his sword, fell'd numbers to the ground!
Till, overpower'd; then, nobly did resign,
His hopes--and life--for the Sixth HENRY's line.
Like hungry tigers, following up their prey,
The foes press on, no mercy marks their way!

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[29]

To AVON's banks, whose soft and silent flood
Impedes their way; here they a moment stood,
Pursu'd by swords, unglutted, yet, with gore--
Then--in they plung'd, alas! to rise--no more!29
Thou, gentle AVON stopp'd their panting breath,
And all their warring passions--hush'd--in Death!

Some for the Town, some for the Church now make,
And, in their flight, many the Victors take.

Oh! what a Scene did this sad Field present!
What near, dear ties, by cruel warfare rent;

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[30]

Dead bodies, intermix'd with sword and gun,
And here lay, useless, now, the noisy drum.
The demon, fell, of war, stood hov'ring here,
Exulting in the slaughter'd thousands near.

To hide from sight the horrors of the fray,
Huge graves they make, and close together lay
Their mangled bodies, now in peaceful state;
Their discord over, and at rest--their hate!
No party spirit, now, their souls to jar,
No passions rude, no cause for CIVIL WAR.
To close the dreadful Scene, the Curfew Bell
Tolls out, for rest, its solemn, heavy, knell!
These Fields, this morning, bore the flow'rs of May,
Where children, from the Town, were wont to play
In sportive gambols;--the sweet cowslips cropt
Off Nature's carpet, now, by horrors stopt! .

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[31]

Their tender minds, long in remembrance bore
The heart-appalling sound of the dread Battle's roar!

A high reward is for the Prince proclaim'd,
Who, by KING EDWARD, was a Traitor nam'd;
The mercenary CROFT,30 a wretched slave
To that vile passion that ne'er haunts the brave,
Took the young Prince, in filial love so great!
Alas! too soon, to meet his cruel fate!

The Royal Brothers, now, with Vict'ry crown'd,
Came to partake a Banquet in the Town:

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[32]

But, still, impatient to reproach their Foe,
(Who, unlike them, scorn'd a revenge so low,)
"Bring forth your Pris'ner!" cry'd the King, aloud;
To this command, Sir RICHARD lowly bow'd.

The Prince appear'd, in youthful virtue firm,
Before the Conq'ror, whose fierce anger burnt;
And, as he stood erect, in dauntless pride,
Surrounded by the guards, on either side;
His manly form, adorn'd with martial grace,
And the mild beauty of his godlike face,
Irradiated with majestic fire,
Unus'd to bow to any--but his Sire;
His Foe felt Admiration's potent charm
Awaken'd, for this rival Chief in arms;
But, soon it vanish'd;--and again return'd
The rankling hatred, which before had burn'd

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[33]

In his dark breast, tow'rds this unhappy Man,
And, with a clouded brow, he thus began:--

"Undaunted Rebel! say, how couldst thou dare
"To raise thy banner; make rebellious war
"In this my Kingdom!--Bend thy haughty knee,
"And, with submission, Traitor! bow to me."

The noble Youth, with high unconquer'd heart,
Gave this Reply--which made e'en GLO'STER start:--

"My royal Father's sacred rights to claim,
"And my own birth-right, justly, to maintain.
"With my great Father's voice, I speak to thee,
"Usurping Tyrant!--Bow thy knee to me!"

He heard no more; but, with an action base,
His gauntlet struck in the young Hero's face!

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[34]

GLO'STER the signal saw;--he, apt at bloody part,
Struck his sharp poignard31 to his guileless heart!32
And, with a hollow voice, and brow severe,
Cry'd, "Down below, and seek a kingdom there!"
And now, fierce CLARENCE,33 DORSET,34 and the rest,
Hid their insatiate daggers in his breast!
The reeking blood descends, in floods, around;--
They see their hapless victim on the ground.
"May Heaven forgive you," cry'd th' expiring man,
"My royal Father!--Mother!--Oh! my ANNE!"35

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[35]

Quick, to his dying thoughts, great WARWICK 36 rose,--
He saw his Child to mighty ills expos'd:
But could he, in that moment, have foreseen
That his lov'd Wife, would have been RICHARD's Queen;
And, that his ANNE, his murd'rer would have wed,
And took that hand--by which her EDWARD bled!
His bleeding heart, oppress'd with woes severe,
Would, for her fate, have felt redoubled fear.

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[36]

And now, the colour of the ROSE gave place,
A heav'nly smile play'd on his death-clad face.
Relentless murd'rers !--This, most bloody act,
Avenging JUSTICE soon return'd you back;
And, your untimely deaths, did after show,
That Retribution visits here below.37

Oh, EDWARD! a Father's feelings should have led
Thy soul to mercy--to HENRY's prison fled!
His paternal feelings made thy own,
Thought on his sighs, and heard his piteous groan.

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[37]

His mangled body to the Church was borne,
To the good Monks, who inward grieve and mourn,
To think such passions sway'd the Kingly breast.
Which, they felt sure, depriv'd his heart of rest!
To see the Hope and Flower of the Land
Thus rudely pluck'd--by an unfeeling hand;--
And, like his beauteous, emblematic Flow'r,
Untimely cropt by the o'ercharging show'r;
But, thus cut off, its sweetness still remains,
Though its blanch'd leaves--Imagination pains!
Within their HOLY WALLS, without parade,
The last sad relics of the Prince were laid
No sculptued marble pointed out the spot,38
But his fair fame--will never be forgot!

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[38]

And, now, in solemn state, King EDWARD came,
To return Thanks for this great Vict'ry gain'd!
And here, he rais'd his voice to, HEAVEN's HIGH THRONE,
Where MERCY dwells!--though he'd refus'd his own;
Forgot, amidst his thanks and praises giv'n,
Mercy to shew! sweet attribute of Heav'n!
Through their hard hearts no stream of Pity runs;
BRITANNIA mourn'd her immolated Sons!

The Pris'ners, then, were left to GLO'STER's rage,
Who had erected, --at the CROSS,--a Stage:39

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[39]

Where, as High Constable of ALBION's ISLE,40
He sat, surrounded by his Minions vile;
And judg'd--to Death--with unrelenting heart,
All, who against the WHITE ROSE bore a part.
Their conq'ring swords, so deeply stain'd before,
Wept purple drops;--and still felt thirst for more!

When Heathen Kings a Victory had gaind,
And Altars rais'd, with blood of bullocks stain'd:
Content with beasts, they thought the off 'ring good,
Their Gods to please, and their own pride to prove;
But HUMAN sacrifice--this Vict'ry claims!
And ENGLAND lost--the bravest of her Names!

Now, SOMERSET, thy patriotic breast,
Felt for thy King and Country,--sore oppress'd!
For, well he knew, What HENRY's gentle mind
Felt for his Subjects,--and all human kind!

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[40]

And, that his heart, with pitying Mercy bless'd,
Was, by these bloody acts, depriv'd of rest;
His gentle away had told, in language plain,
His people's good--was still--his greatest aim!
And when unto the fatal scaffold brought,
First, unto HEAVEN, he rais'd his pious thoughts;
His soul to God commends, for pardon prays--
Nor felt a wish to lengthen out his days;
For his lov'd Sov'reign all his hopes were fled,
Now his brave Son--the valiant Prince--was dead.
"God save King HENRY, for his people's sake!"
Were the last words--this gallant Leader spake.
Upon the block he firmly laid his head,
And, to their rage; another victim bled.

Here, noble CLIFTON, TRESSAM, ROSS, and GOWER,
Lost their brave heads, with HAVARE, CAR, and FLORE;41

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[41]

Young DELVES,42 his father's fate had scarcely known,
Ere he was summon'd--to receive his own!
And many others on the scaffold die,
Oh, pitying Angels! guard their souls on high!

Queen MARGARET, in her wand'ring, was pursu'd,43
To TEWKESBURY brought, with spirits quite subdu'd;
Her ruthless destiny, not yet complete,
Till she had heard, that, by Duke RICHARD's hate,
Her hapless Husband, in an evil hour,
Was murder'd, by this monster in the Tow'r.44

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[42]

She drank the dregs of mis'ry's bitter cup,
And all her hopes, in this sad world, gave up.

Her Father,45 fifty thousand crowns advanc'd;
And she was ransom'd to return to France.

Secluded from the world, she humbly pray'd
For resignation, while on earth she stay'd;

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[43]

But look'd, with fervent hope, for peace and rest
To that bright Sphere where all she'd lost were bless'd.

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[44]

The bloody Quarrels of these HOUSES,46 show
What horrid scenes from Civil Discord flow.

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[45]

May no contending Parties, here, again
Stain this fair Land with blood of Subjects slain;
But, may the SUBJECTS' LOVE the THRONE secure
To BRUNSWICK's Line,47 'till Time shall be no more.
The lengthen'd reign of GEORGE the THIRD,48 has prov'd
A MONARCH's Safeguard is--his People's Love!

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[46]

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1 Margaret of Anjou (1430-82) Daughter of René of Anjou; married Henry VI of England in 1445 thereby becoming Queen of England. During the War of the Roses, Margaret assumed military leadership while the inept King Henry slipped in and out of insanity. After initial success against the Yorkists in 1461, she was defeated at Towton and fled to Scotland, then to France. She landed an army at Weymouth in 1471 in an effort to retake the crown from Edward IV. Following her defeat at Tewkesbury in May, she was briefly imprisoned in the Tower of London, then spent five years under house arrest at Wallingford. When Edward IV made peace with France, she was forced to give up all of her English claims in return for her freedom. She died in 1482.


2Edward, Prince of Wales (1453-71) Son and heir of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou. Married Anne Neville, thus securing an alliance with Warwick, the Kingmaker. His fate is largely the subject of this poem.


3 The Abbey Church stands on the south-west side of the Town, near the entrance from Gloucester and Cheltenham, where the remains of many Nobles, who honourably fell in this memorable Battle, are interred; and is divided from the Entrenchments of Queen MARGARET by the river Swilgate. Cooper.


4The White Rose was the symbol of the House of York and Edward IV. The Red Rose was the symbol of the House of Lancaster and the ill-fated Henry VI. The idea of the warring roses was invented in the reign of Henry VII after he defeated the last Yorkist, Richard III on the field at Bosworth, to suggest that his reign would unify the two warring factions.


5 Edward Prince Of Wales, was in the twenty-first year of his age. Cooper


6The "Tyrant" refers to King Edward IV(1442-1483). Edward was the eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York (1411-1460) who was killed by Lancastrian forces at Wakefield. Soon thereafter Edward seized the throne from Henry VI with the help of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (known as the "kingmaker") in 1461. Edward reigned until 1470 when the Lancastrians were able to again seize power. A series of battles ensued, Warwick was killed, and Edward routed the remaining Lancastrian forces at Tewkesbury. He returned to London where the remaining rebels, along with Henry VI, were put to death. He remained king until his death in 1483. Edward was a strikingly handsome man who stood 6'3'' in an age when most men were much smaller. His decline and early death was in part a result of debauchery.

7King Henry VI (1421-1471) Henry VI's reign began when he was just nine months old following the death of his legendary father Henry V. A gentle nature, coupled with occasional periods of insanity thrust the kingdom into conflict throughout the century. His father's holdings in France were lost through Henry's ineptitude. Henry VI is remembered as the saintly king, a fine example for other men, but unfit to be a king. He was murdered in the Tower by order of Edward IV.


8 Hume, speaking of this good King, says, "He was chaste, pious, compassionate, and charitable; and so inoffensive, that the Bishop, who was his Confessor for ten years, declared, that in all that time he had never committed any sin that required penance or rebuke." Cooper


Editor's note: Cooper refers to the philosopher David Hume (1711-1776). Hume is best known for his sceptical empiricism in philosophy. His six volume History of England (1754-62)--later completed by Anthony Trollope--would have been considered authoritative in Cooper's time.

9 Henry the Sixth was at this time a prisoner in the Tower of London. Cooper


10'Hearts of Oak' refers to the solid central part of the oak tree used for shipbuilding. The phrase was popularized by the 18th century song, 'Heart of oak are our ships, heart of oak are out men,' from David Garrick's play Harlequin's Invasion (1759). The song was by William Boyce.


11Edward Beaufort, Duke of Somerset (d. 1471) Loyal supporter of Henry VI. He was the second son of Edmund Beaufort, the 2nd Duke of Somerset who had fought with Richard, Duke of York in the early phases of the War of the Roses and was killed in 1455 at St. Albans. Somerset lead Margaret of Anjou's army in its attempt to dethrone Edward. He was captured in the abbey, tried, and executed shortly thereafter.


12John, Lord of Wenlock (d. 1471) Along with Somerset, Wenlock lead the Lancastrian forces at Tewkesbury. Wenlock had campaigned with Henry V in France and was in his eighties. He was killed on the field.


13Thomas Courtnenay, Earl of Devonshire (d.1471)Another of the leaders of the Lancastrian force at Tewkesbury. He was killed on the field and his body was interred at Tewkesbury Abbey.


14Edward IV's forces are said to have numbered 3,000 men. The Lancastrain force was of similar number.


15Edward IV


16 The Duke of Gloucester, Brother to Edward the Fourth, afterwards Richard the Third commanded the foreward of King Edward's Army. Hume, speaking of him, says, "His mind was no less deformed than his body; dark, silent, and reserved; he was such a vaster of dissimulation, that it was impossible to dive into his designs; false, treacherous, and ungrateful, he scrupled not to violate the most sacred ties of religion and conscience, whenever he found it conducive to the gratification of his ambition. To gain the Crown, he caused to be put to death his Brother's children; Edward the Fifth, thirteen years old, and the Duke of York, only seven. Our immortal bard, Shakespeare, has finely delineated the vile character of this Tyrant, in the scene with Lady Anne, in the second act of his Tragedy of Richard the Third." Cooper

Editor's note: Richard III was killed at the battle of Bosworth in 1485. He was likely not as evil as history has painted him, though he did undoubtedly have his brother's children put to death.


17Mars is the Roman god of war. Equivalent to the Greek Ares.


18William Lyrmouthe , a knight killed on the field. (see the Tewkesbury Abbey Chronicle in Kingsford 378)

Sir John Delves, slain in battle (see Holinshed 688). Sir John Leukener, killed in battle. (see Holinshed 688)


19 Tewkesbury Park, where this very, decisive Battle was fought, is now called the Lodge; formerly the property of Colonel Wall; now the residence of Colonel Morrison.--The local memorials of this Battle are but few; the principal scenes of action are the Meadow, which has received the appellation of "The Bloody Meadow," and " The Vineyard; " the former lies between two gently descending banks, about half a mile southwest of the Town, three hundred yards from the Severn, and one hundred yards from the Avon; one arm of which River empties itself into the Severn, near this place. Cooper


20Poetic name for the Severn river. In Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain, Sabrina is the name of King Locrine's daughter. In Milton's Comus, Sabrina is the nymph of the Severn.


21In Greek mythology, Ocean is the son of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaia (Earth).


22 But whether the Lord Wenlocke dissembled the matter, for King Edward's sake, or whether his heart served him not, he stood and gave the looking on. The Duke of Somerset, seeing this unfortunate chance, as some write, turned to the middle ward, and there finding the Lord Wenlocke standing still, after he had reviled him and called him traitor, with his ax he stroke the brains out of his head.--Holinshed. Cooper


Editor's note: Holinshed's reportage is not considered historically accurate here. Cooper was no doubt aware of this but chose to use this more dramatic rendering for her poem.


23John Lancostrother (Langstrother), Prior of the Order of St. John. Had served as Henry VI's treasurer before the usurpation by Edward. He was captured on the field and later tried and executed.

24Sir William Rowes, a knight slain in the field. (See Tewkesbury Abbey Chronicle in Kingsford 378)


25 Tradition says, in her extremity, Queen Margaret forded the Severn, her horse being guided by two Monks. Cooper


Editor's note: The Severn is a river in western England near the border with Wales. It drains into the Bristol channel.


26Falchion] a broad, curved sword with the cutting edge on the convex side. Cooper here implies that Margaret was a combat participant in the battle. This is not likely the case. Cooper is following a popular Lancastrian mythology that makes Margaret a Joan of Arc figure.


27Sir Hugh Courtenay, brother of Thomas Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire. Sir Hugh was captured and executed by Richard, Duke of Gloucester.

28From Homer's The Iliad. Hector, Prince of Troy, eldest son of Priam and Hecuba. Killed by Achilles who dragged his naked body behind his chariot three times round the beseiged city.


29 One arm of the Avon, running down by the Town, towards the south-west, has a mill on it, standing opposite the Church: Queen Margaret's Troops, pursued by King Edward, rushed into the mill-pond and were drowned. This arm of the river is supposed to have been brought down the back of the Town, to gain a fall, to erect a Mill for the use of he Monastery. Cooper


30 After the Field was ended, Proclamtaion was made, that whosoever could bring forth Prince Edward, alive or dead, should have an annuity of a hundred pounds, during his life, and the Prince's life to be saved, if he were brought forth alive. Sir Richard Crofts, nothing mistrusting the King's promise, brought forth his prisoner, Prince Edward. --Holinshed. Cooper


Editor's note: Crofts had been Edward IV's tutor. At the time of the battle, he was the sheriff of Herefordshire. He was said to be knighted along with 43 others on the field at Tewkesbury. Despite Holinshed's (and others) dramatic claims, Crofts likely slew Prince Edward on the field of battle.


31Poignard] a dagger. Variant of poniard.


32 The Prince of Wales is said to have been murdered in the House, now occupied by Mr. Moore, opposite the Market Place. Cooper


33George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence (1449-1478) Brother of Edward IV and Richard III. Made Duke in 1461 when Edward became King. Plotted against Edward with Margaret of Anjou and Warwick, but switched sides after Warwick's defeat. Forgiven by Edward for his disloyalty, he continued to cause trouble until finally Edward had him arrested in 1477. He was tried for treason and executed in the Tower on February 18, 1478. The famous drowning in a butt of Malmsey is apochryphal.


34John Beaufort of Somerset, Marquis Dorset. Brother to Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. Dorset was a staunch supporter of Edward IV, and thus on opposite sides from his brother.


35 Anne, the Wife Of Prince Edward, was the youngest Daughter of the Earl of Warwick, commonly called the stout Earl of Warwick, or, the King-maker; for King Henry the Sixth and Edward the Fourth, held the Crown, by turns, as this Earl favoured or opposed their interests. He was killed at the battle of Barnet, fighting for the House of Lancaster, April 14th , 1471. Isabell, his eldest daughter, was married to the Duke of Clarence, Brother to Edward the Fourth, who, with Richard, Duke of Gloucester, murdered Prince Edward, at Tewkesbury.--It appears more like Romance than an historical Fact, that Anne, Prince Edward's widow, should afterwards have married Richard, Duke of Gloucester, the murderer of her first husband; and some Historians affirm that she died by slow poison, administered by Richard himself, to make room for his marriage with Elizabeth, the Daughter and only surviving child of Edward the Fourth; which never took place. Cooper



36Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, known as the Kingmaker (1428-1471) in that he was instrumental in bringing Edward IV to the throne. He later turned against Edward and joined with Margaret of Anjou to restore Henry VI to the throne. Before Margaret's forces landed at Weymouth, Warwick engaged Edward's army at Barnet on Easter Sunday. Warwick was defeated and killed, and thus the Lancastrian chances were shattered.

37 Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and George, Duke of Clarence, Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset, and the Lord Chamberlain Hastings, stabbed Prince Edward in the breast with their daggers; an act of cruelty generally condemned, and called to mind by the people; for every one of those that had a hand in this assassination, came to an untimely end.--The corpse of the murdered Prince was interred in the Abbey of Tewkesbury, with those of the Nobility and Gentry that were beheaded,-M. Baudier. Cooper


Editor's note: M. Baudier was a 17th century French historian.


38 A Brass Plate, near the Pulpit, opposite the High Altar points out the spot where Prince Edward is said to have been buried. Cooper


39 The Duke of Somerset, the Prior of St. John's, and about twenty Persons of Quality, that had taken Sanctuary in the Abbey of Tewkesbury, were taken from thence, by force, and beheaded, the next day.-M. Baudier. Cooper


40High Constable was a title bestowed upon Richard by Edward IV. As such, Richard sat in judgement of the conspirators and ordered their executions. Albion was a name for Britain used by the Greeks.


41The Tewkesbury Abbey Chronicle must have been Cooper's source for the names of these Lancastrian combatants. All other chronicles generally only mention the first two, Clifton and Tressam, along with the major figures described above. The Chronicle gives the following additional information: Sir Gervase Clifton; Sir Thomas Tresham; Cooper's Ross is probably Henry Rose; John Gower, sword bearer of Prince Edward; Havarde is, perhaps, Sir Edmund Barnarde, there is no other similar name; Sir William Car; John Flore, bannerbearer for the Duke of Somerset.


42John Delves, son of Sir John Delves who was killed on the field.


43 King Edward, on his way for Worcester, had knowledge that Queen Margaret had taken refuge in a poor House of Religion, not far from thence;--from which place she wastaken, and sent a prisoner to London.--Hall says, she was found in a Chariot half dead with grief, at the sight of her forlorn affairs. Cooper


Editor's note: Edward Hall (1496-1547) was a 16th century chronicler who wrote The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancaster and York (1548) that perpetuated some of the mythology of the War of the Roses that reflected well on the Tudors. Along with Holinshed, Hall was a major source for Shakespeare.


44 The night Queen Margaret arrived in London, the Duke of Gloucester to extinguish at once all the hopes of the Lancastrian faction, went to the Tower, where King Henry was kept prisoner, and stabbed him to the heart. The body of this murdered Prince was carried next day from the Tower, (attended by halberdiers, as if they were leading a criminal to execution,) through the city, to St. Paul's, where it lay in an open coffin uncovered for a whole day, exposed to the view of the world, and was afterward buried in a Benedictine Monastery, at Chertsey, without the least funeral solemnity.--M. Baudier. Cooper

 

45The ransom of Queen Margaretwas settled on the thirteenth day of November, in the year 1471, in consideration of the sum of 50,000 crowns of gold, which the King of France was to pay to Edward, and of Margaret's renouncing all claim to any dower, jewels, or other things, to which she might be entitled or pretend a right, on account of her marriage with King Henry. Pursuant to this treaty, Queen Margaret was, on January tile twenty-ninth following, delivered by Sir Thomas de Montgomery, King Edward's Ambassador, to John, D'Hangest Sieur de Jenlis, and John Raguenet, Receiver General of Normandy, appointed by Louis to receive her at Rouen. Margaret at the same time, made a renunciation of her dower and every thing she could claim in England. Thus divested of all power, of which she had been once in possession, and hopeless of any further greatness in this world, she retired into Anjou, to pass the remainder of her days in a private manner, without a Crown, without a Husband or a Son, but not without grief and rnelancholy.

Margaret, after the death of her Father, (being his only surviving issue,) made, on the nineteenth of October, 1480, at the Castle of Reculee, near Angers, a second cession to Louis XI of the provinces of Lorrain, Bar, and Provence.

This unfortunate heroine died of grief, in the Parish of Dampiere, near Saumur, at the house of Francis de la Vignolle Seigneur de Moreans, who had been Officer of the Household of King Rene her father, and was brother to John de la Vignolle, Dean of the Church of Angers. This happened in the year 1482; and she was buried in the magnificent tomb of her father, but without any epitaph or inscription in particular to her memory. What was wanting to her honour, in this respect, was, in some measure, supplied in a different way; for every year, on the Feast of All Saints, the Chapter of St. Maurice, after Vespers of the Dead, make a semicircular procession about the tomb, and sing Subvenite for this Queen.--M. Baudier. Cooper


46 The Lancastrian line sprung from John of Gaunt, third son of Edward the Third. Edward's eldest son, (the Black Prince,) dying before his father; Richard, the son of the Black Prince, and Grandson of Edward the Third, succeeded him on the throne.

John of Gaunt, Uncle to Richard the Second, had a son named Henry, Earl of Hereford. Richard banished the Earl of Hereford to France, owing to a quarrel with the Duke of Norfolk; whereupon, the Earl took up arms against the King, who was solemnly deposed; and the Duke of Lancaster, (commonly called Earl of Hereford,) elected in his stead, by the title of Henry the Fourth.

Thus began the contest between the Houses of York and Lancaster; which, for several years after, deluged the Kingdom with blood; and, yet, in the end, contributed to settle an confirm the Constitution.

During the bloody contest between the Houses of York and Lancaster, (which began upon the intrusion of henry the Fourth, and continued to the death of Richard the Third, who was slain at the Battle of Bosworth Field, 1485,) were fought twelve pitched battles; in which, two Kings, one Prince, ten Dukes, two Marquisses, one and twenty Earls, seven and twenty Lords, two Viscounts, one Lord Prior, one Judge, one hundred and thirt-nine Knights, 441 Esquires, and 84,998 private soldiers, were slain; which, being added to the number of the 638 of superior quality, there appears to have been killed, in the Quarrel between the Two Roses, 85,628 fighting men. Cooper


47The House of Brunswick, The Hanoverian House out of which George III sprang.

48George III (1738-1820), King of England 1760-1820. By the end of his long reign, George III was quite mad. Cooper clearly takes on a loyalist stance here, thus revealing, perhaps, knowledge of the radical literary and social discourse of which, the poem would indicate, she stands in opposition.


49The Notes taken from M. Baudier are to be relied upon, as he relates several Facts not taken notice of by any of our English Writers, but deriving them from Frrench Historians, who lived in the time that such Facts happened. Mr. Carte, (who translated the "History of Margaret of Anjou," from M. Baudier's Manuscripts,) says, he is well supported in these relations. Cooper